Ultraviolet-light (UV)-induced tanning is defective in numerous ‘fair-skinned’ individuals, many of whom contain functional disruption of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MCIR). Fair-skinned individuals have an increased incidence of skin cancer and often exhibit weak tanning responses. Although multiple signaling pathways affect melanin production, ‘fair’ pigmentation in humans is largely the result of sequence variants in MC1R, - that generate weak ligand-induced cAMP responses. In a 2006 published study found that pigmentation could be rescued by topical application of the cyclic AMP agonist forskolin, without the need for ultraviolet light, demonstrating that the pigmentation machinery is available despite the absence of functional MC1R. Forskolin use in a lab study found when applied on the skin of mice stimulated the production of melanin in the absence of ultraviolet light. It has been proposed for use in sunless tanning lotions to reduce the risk of skin cancer by decreasing exposure to sun. PhytoPharmacon has a standardized extract specifically developed for the skin tanning.